Definitions of Child Care Abuse (CSA), Prevalence Rates, and Sample-Level Effect Sizes (i.e.) Psychological Correlates in Using College Student Samples
Note
a [In 'column' 1:] U = only unwanted sex included in definition;
a = all types of sex, unwanted and willing, included.
[In 'column' 2:] C = only physical contact sex included in definition;
b = both contact and noncontact experoenced included.
Next, upper age of "child" is given first; then, the minimum
age of other person is given
(e.g., w/ 5+ means with someone at least 5 years older);
last, other conditions for CSA are
given.
b Ns are number of subjects used for prevalences; may be
different from effect size Ns.
Under CSA, percentage of sample with CSA experiences is provided.
c Ns are numbers of subjects in analysis of psychological
correlates of CSA;
rs are the sample-level effect sizes. "Reaction data
only" indicates data were availble only
for self-reported reaction of effects.
d Dashes indicate that an effect size for psychological correlates was
not computable - only
data for self-reported reactions or effects were provided.
e Represents N and r for female and male students
combined; rsults were not reported separately, thus the dashes on the next row.
| Study | Gen- der |
Operational definition of CSAa |
Prevalenceb | Sample-level effect sizesc |
||
| N | CSA | N | r | |||
| Alexander & Lupfer (1978) | F |
U C (not specified), relative | 586 |
25% |
431 |
.02 |
| Bailey & Gibbons (1989) | F |
a ? self-labeled as "sexually molested" | 294 | 13% | 294 | .04 |
| Beckman & Burns (1990) | F | a b <12 w/ "adult" | 198 | 10% | 182 | .04 |
| Bendixen, Muus & Schei (1994) | F | U b <18 | 510 | 19% | 510 | .15 |
| Bendixen, Muus & Schei (1994) | M | U b <18 | 486 | 3% | 486 | .08 |
| Bergdahl (1983) | F | a b <18 w/ "adult" | 430 | 36% | 355 | .11 |
| Brieree & Runtz (1988a, 1988b, 1990 | F | a C <15 w/ 5+ | 278 | 15% | 224 | .12 |
| Brubaker (1991) | F | a C <16 w/ 5+ | 284 | 18% | 155 | .13 |
| Brubaker (1994) | F | a C <16 w/ 5+ | 400 | 25% | -- | --d |
| Cole (1988) | F | a C <18 w/ 5+; unwanted peer | 2,740 | 21% | 128 | .10e |
| Cole (1988) | M | a C <18 w/ 5+; unwanted peer | 2,279 | 17% | -- | -- |
| Collings (1995) | M | U b <18 | 284 | 29% | 284 | .17 |
| Condy et al. (1987) | M | a C <16 w/5+ or 16 or over | 359 | 16% | -- | --d |
| Edwards & Alexander (1992) | F | a C <16 w/5+ or force; 16-18 w/10+ or wanted |
103 | 44% | 97 | .14 |
| Everill & Waller (1995) | F | U b <18 | 69 | 71% | 69 | .09 |
| Finkelhor (1979, 1984) | F | a b <13 w/ > 16; 13-16 w/ 10+ (relative or unwanted) |
530 | 19% | 536 | .11 |
| Finkelhor (1979, 1984) | M | a b <13 w/ > 16; 13-16 w/ 10+ (relative or unwanted) |
226 | 9% | 260 | .12 |
| Fisher (1991) | F | a b <puberty w/ 4+ | 325 | 19% | -- | --d |
| Fisher (1991) | M | a b <puberty w/ 4+ | 327 | 7% | -- | --d |
| Fishman (1991) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ or unwanted | 148 | 18% | 148 | -.04 |
| Fritz, Stoll & Wagner (1981) | F | a C <puberty w/ "post adolescent" | 540 | 8% | -- | --d |
| Fritz, Stoll & Wagner (1981) | M | a C <puberty w/ "post adolescent" | 412 | 5% | -- | --d |
| Fromuth (1984, 1986) | F | a b < 13 w/ 5+ or 16 or over; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 482 | 22% | 383 | .08 |
| Fromuth & Burkhart (1989) [MW] | M | a b < 13 w/ 5+ or 16 over; 13-16 w 10+ | 253 | 15% | 249 | .11 |
| Fromuth & Burkhart (1989) [SE] | M | a b <13 w/ 5+ or 16 or over; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 329 | 13% | 324 | .00 |
| Gidycz et al. (1993) | F | a b <14 | 857 | 54% | 831 | .15 |
| Gidycz, Hanson & Layman (1995) | F | a b <14 | 796 | 59% | 159 | .11 |
| Goldman & Goldman (1988) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 603 | 28% | -- | --d |
| Goldman & Goldman (1988) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 388 | 9% | -- | --d |
| Greenwald (1994) | F | a b <17 w/ 5+; >17 w/ 10+; unwanted; intrafamilial | 214 | 41% | 214 | .03 |
| Greenwald (1994) | M | a b <17 w/ 5+; >17 w/ 10+; unwanted; intrafamilial | 213 | 32% | 213 | -.09 |
| Harter, Alexander &Neimeyer (1988) | F | a C <18 w/ relative who was 5+ | 1,066 | 13% | 85 | .16 |
| Hatfield (1988) | M | a C <14 w/ 5+ | 213 | 12% | 213 | .06 |
| Hauhaard & Emery (1989) | F | a b <16 w/ 5+ or 16 or over | 672 | 12% | 186 | .11e |
| Hauhaard & Emery (1989) | M | a b <16 w/ 5+ or 16 or over | 420 | 5% | -- | -- |
| Higgins & McCabe (1994) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-18 w/ 10+ | 199 | 24% | 199 | .16 |
| Hrabrowy (1987) | F | U b <16 | 383 | 28% | 383 | .05 |
| Jackson et al. (1990) | F | a C <18 w/ relative who was 5+ | 40 | n/a | 40 | .36 |
| Kinzl et al. (1994, 1995) | F | a b <18, unwanted peer, sex now considered abuse | 202 | 22% | 201 | .08 |
| Klein-Trull (1990) | F | a C <17wW/ 5+ or unwanted | 271 | 11% | 58 | .19 |
| Lam (1994) | F | a b <14 w/ adult or unwanted | 264 | 18% | 260 | .01 |
| Landis (1956 | F | a b through adolescence w/ older partner | 1,029 | 35% | -- | --d |
| Landis (1956 | M | a b through adolescence w/ older partner | 467 | 30% | -- | --d |
| Long (1993) | F | a b <13 w/ 3+, authority figure | 305 | 18% | 305 | .10 |
| Long & Jackson (1993) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 137 | n/a | -- | --d |
| Maggio (1984) | F | a b <17 w/ 6+ | 244 | 35% | 477 | -.02e |
| Maggio (1984) | M | a b < 17 w/ 6+ | 233 | 36% | -- | -- |
| Moor (1992) | F | U b <17 w/ 5+ | 437 | 18% | 321 | .16 |
| Nash & West (1985) | F | a b <16 w/ 5+ | 92 | 54% | -- | --d |
| O'Neill (1991) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+, 13-16 w/ 10+ | 365 | 17% | -- | --d |
| O'Neill (1991) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+, 13-16 w/ 10+ | 206 | 17% | -- | --d |
| Pallotta (1992) | F | a C <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+; <17 unwanted relative |
275 | 20% | 257 | .13 |
| Peters & Range (1995) | F | U b <12 w/ 5+ | 135 | 20% | 266 | .11e |
| Peters & Range (1995) | M | U b <12 w/ 5+ | 131 | 8% | -- | -- |
| Pizzolo (1990) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/10+; relative, unwanted peer | 308 | 23% | 298 | .13 |
| Predieri (1992) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 8+; unwanted peer | 557 | 6% | 62 | .15 |
| Preuss (1988) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-17 w/ 10+; force | 402 | 50% | 402 | .05 |
| Preuss (1988) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-17 w/ 10+; force | 288 | 20% | 288 | .04 |
| Rau (1994) | M | U b <12 w/ 5+; 12-16 w/ 10+ | 60 | n/a | 60 | .10 |
| Rew, Esparza & Sands (1991) | F | U b <18 w/ older partner | 111 | 50% | 111 | .11 |
| Rew, Esparza & Sands (1991) | M | U b <18 w/ older partner | 160 | 23% | 160 | .21 |
| Risin & Koss (1987) | M | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13 w/ 8+; unwanted peer | 2,922 | 7% | -- | --d |
| Roland, Zelhart & Dubes (1989) | F | U b <pubescence w/ 5+ | 171 | 30% | 171 | .40 |
| Sarbo (1985) | F | a b <12 w/ > 16; <16 w/ relative > 16; unwanted | 154 | 40% | 154 | .02 |
| Sarbo (1985) | M | a b <12 w/ > 16; <16 w/ relative > 16; unwanted | 112 | 22% | 112 | .055 |
| Schultz & Jones (1983) | F | a b <12 w/ 16 or over | n/a | n/a | -- | --d |
| Schultz & Jones (1983) | M | a b <12 w/ 16 or over | n/a | n/a | -- | --d |
| Sedney & Brooks (1984) | F | a b "while growintg up" | 301 | 17% | 102 | .15 |
| Silliman (1993) | F | ?? (not specified) | 66 | n/a | 66 | -.25 |
| Smolak, Levine & Sullins (1990) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 298 | 23% | 269 | .12 |
| Urquiza (1989) | M | a C <18 w/ 5+ | 2,016 | 17% | 88 | .16 |
| West & Woodhouse (1993) | M | a b <11 w/ 16 or over; 11-16 w/ 18 or over | 182 | 37% | -- | --d |
| White & Strange (1993) | F | U b <17 w/ 18 or over who was 5+ | 131 | 14% | 105 | -.01 |
| Wisniewski (1990) | F | a b <14 w/ 5+; unwanted | 3,187 | 29% | 3,187 | .11 |
| Yama et al. (1992, 1993) | F | a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+ | 420 | 10% | 156 | .21 |
| Zetzer (1991) | F | U b <18; relative | 338 | 64% | 338 | .02 |